Just shooting from the hip here, but I wonder about iron precipitating out of the water via either the pH of the black tank water, or another chemical reaction. The rust may not be from anything rusting in the tank. Do you camp in area with high iron in the water?
If a tank treatment works by altering the ph of the water, this may have something to do with it.
Also found this:
https://www.filterwaterdirect.com/in...-iron-bacteria
You mentioned construction debris. While I wouldn't suspect metal shavings to be likely in a plastic tank, I have found a surprising variety of things left in places from construction. An example might be a drill bit that came loose and fell into the tank or a nut or bolt. Still I can't imagine something that size generating that much rust although it might be "food" for the above mentioned bacteria.
One final thought is; are you sure it was rust, not a rust colored material?
Interesting mystery. Inquiring minds want to know.